UTTAR PRADESH – At a cremation ground on the banks of the Ganges river in Ballia, a district in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, head priest Pappu Pandey said he has never experienced anything like the last few weeks.

One of his jobs is to keep a count of bodies. As a vicious combination of extreme heat and punishing pre-monsoon humidity blanketed the region, the ground became choked with pyres.

He said deaths doubled to nearly 50 a day at the peak of the heatwave in mid-June – numbers he has not seen in 20 years at the site outside the Covid-19 pandemic.

“It was like a divine curse,” he said, describing the deadly spell of heat.

June’s sweltering weather, where the mercury soared as high as 46 deg C, is likely just a foretaste of what is to come.

Scientists estimate climate change has made extreme heat 30 times more likely in India, while the World Bank has flagged India as likely to be one of the first places in the world where heatwaves breach the human survivability threshold. 

The many anecdotal reports of a spike in deaths among the most vulnerable in society have heightened concerns about both central and local government preparations. 

Besides the human cost, failure to truly tackle the challenges of new-look summer heat comes with a risk to India’s powerhouse economy. 

McKinsey Global Institute estimates that the lost labour from work in areas exposed to extreme heat, such as construction and agriculture, could put up to 4.5 per cent of India’s gross domestic product at risk by 2030.

“I have never seen such kind of heat in my entire lifetime,” said Mr C. P. Thakur, 91, a physician and former health minister of the country. “It is worrying that so many people have died.”

Just how many people have died because of the extreme heat is controversial. 

Add up estimates from local non-profit groups and medical officials not authorised to talk to the media, and you quickly get into the hundreds. 

Ask government representatives, and the numbers dwindle to just a handful. 

The health authorities have resisted directly connecting the weather with deaths, pointing instead to people’s ages and pre-existing conditions. 

One practical problem is that deaths may have multiple causes, said Dr Ronita Bardhan, an associate professor of sustainable built environment at the University of Cambridge.

If somebody with an underlying health condition like diabetes, which makes them more prone to dehydration and hence more vulnerable, dies on a day of 45 deg C temperatures, was it diabetes or the heat that killed them?

“It is very challenging to establish a direct correlation between deaths and extreme heat as there is no diagnostic test for heatstroke,” Dr Bardhan said.

Complicating the issue in India is that less than a fifth of deaths are certified by a medical professional, a step considered routine in most wealthy countries.

In Bihar, one of the epicentres of the recent heatwave, the government estimates that just 52 per cent of deaths were even recorded in 2019. That means the common statistical technique of measuring excess deaths as deviations from a baseline is fraught with problems. 

Even with these limitations, official figures suggests more than 11,000 people died from heat stroke between 2012 and 2021, according to National Crime Records Bureau data.

Mr Sree Ram, 55, a mason in Bharauli village about 35km from Ballia city, fell sick in early June after working in the heat.

He makes 500 rupees (S$8) daily. When the heat became unbearable, he decided to take a few days off – a heavy financial burden for his family.

Many others decided they could not, and were the most common victims of the sweltering summer, according to doctors and health officials who asked not to be named as they were not authorised to talk to the media. 

There is no agreement whether such tragedies were a consequence of inadequate preparation, lack of execution, general under-investment in healthcare or simply the daunting challenges of the situation.

It has been a brutally hot year across Asia, with maximum temperature records broken from Singapore to Vietnam.

India saw its hottest February since 1901 and forecasters flagged the coming high heat and humidity well in advance. 

It has seen maximum temperatures reach above 45 deg C for at least eight consecutive years through 2023, according to data from the weather department.

In March, Prime Minister Narendra Modi chaired a high-level meeting to review preparations for hot weather conditions and ordered officials to produce accessible information material, with many states and districts having heat action plans detailing both preparations and responses.

Standard operating procedures in Uttar Pradesh’s case are detailed enough to assign responsibility for providing shade for stray animals.

Yet local media has reported on medical facilities overwhelmed by a surge in patients suffering from high fever and diarrhoea – common symptoms of heat stroke – and of spotty power supplies as the grid struggled to cope with the surge in demand.

In Bihar, locals told Bloomberg that the heat alerts by the government were erratic.

While some said they received an occasional text message in April or May, most said such text message alerts became more frequent only after the heat peaked and patients had started dying in hospitals.

Local officials reject any suggestion that they have been caught out. 

Mr Ravindra Kumar, the district magistrate in Ballia, said the authorities have a tried-and-tested warning system that is followed every year for all natural calamities.

Mr Ranjeet Kumar, chief health surveillance officer for Bihar, said they started alerting people about heat protection in March and made ample preparations in the hospitals. 

“People too are well aware of these do’s and don’ts,” Mr Kumar said by phone. “But they have to step out for work.”

One of the few places in India where there is any mechanism for day labourers to recoup earnings if they heed advice to stay inside is in the western city of Ahmedabad.

A pilot project there is experimenting with an insurance scheme where women can receive payouts whenever heat makes it impossible to work outdoors. It is funded by the Adrienne Arsht-Rockefeller Foundation Resilience Centre.

A key question is whether the heat plans are proactive enough. 

When researchers at the Centre for Policy Research in New Delhi reviewed 37 such plans in a report, they found significant gaps.

Only about a third discussed funding sources. Few identified vulnerable populations and how to target resources. Most weren’t statutory documents, and so lack clear legal authority.

“Heatwaves have historically received less attention compared to other disasters,” said Dr Aditi Madan, an associate fellow at the Institute for Human Development.

While the plans demonstrate progress, the recent fatalities should “serve as a stark reminder of the necessity for proactive measures by the government, indicating the gap between planning and implementation of heat action plans”.

Top bureaucrats in the health departments in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar did not respond to several interview requests.

In the central government, spokesmen at the home and health ministries did not respond to e-mail and phone requests for comment.

While national elections are slated for next summer, historically, natural disasters and other public health crises have had limited consequence at the ballot box.

Consider India’s ferocious second Covid-19 wave in 2021, which saw cases cross 400,000 a day at the peak, overwhelming hospitals and crematoriums and forcing people to beg for oxygen.

Mr Modi was blamed by the opposition for not doing enough to protect lives, yet his Bharatiya Janata Party retained Uttar Pradesh, the country’s most populous state, in assembly elections in March 2022.

There can also be a sense of fatalism. One myth in Indian political discourse that scientists say must be dispelled is the idea it is always been a hot country and that Indians are more resilient to heat than people elsewhere.

Yet the risks of not allocating more resources may change as extreme heat gets more common and more cities start to experience dangerous summer highs. 

The planet has been scorched by eight of the warmest years on record and last year, temperatures in the country hit as high as 49 deg C, close to the all-time record of 51 deg C seen in 2016.

In its report on heat action plans, the Centre for Policy Research think-tank said by 2050, as many as 24 urban centres are projected to breach average summer highs of at least 35 deg C. 

“Many places that need to have local heat action plans do not have one,” said associate fellow Aditya Pillai, lead author of the report.

He notes that among the cities not to have published comprehensive plans are many of India’s biggest metropolitan areas – and drivers of its economy – like Chennai, Mumbai and Delhi. - BLOOMBERG